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The days of pigs wandering freely about a sunny barnyard, rooting in the soil with their piglets in tow, are long gone. According to a recent report by the USDA, huge hog farms are now the norm, and farmers are pushing their animals to be more "productive" than ever.
Mega-farms means more confinement This trend means more and more pigs spend their lives trapped in intensive confinement systems, unable to move freely and breathing foul ammonia-laden air. Breeding sows, caged in cruel "gestation crates," are forced to bear unnaturally large litters with increasing frequency. Communities find their small farmers put out of business, their air and waterways polluted, and their homes devalued due to the stench of neighboring hog farms. Those that are employed in these huge factories overwhelmingly suffer from respiratory disease. The USDA recently reported that large farms now dominate the hog industry, with operations housing over 5,000 animals accounting for nearly three-quarters of U.S. pig production. (Unbelievably, the USDA defines a farm housing 4,999 animals as "small.") According to the USDA, in 1994, 73 percent of pigs raised in the U.S. were on small farms, and 27 percent were on large farms. In 2001, those numbers were switched, with 73 percent of pigs raised on large farms and 27 percent on small farms.
The owners of huge hog farms are often large corporations, and policies are governed by profitability, not by animal well-being. As a result, factory farmers have come to view their animals as "units of production" rather than living, feeling beings. This attitude is seen again and again in industry journals. L. J. Taylor, export development manager for the Wall's Meat Company, Ltd., stated in National Hog Farmer that, "The breeding sow should be thought of, and treated as, a valuable piece of machinery whose function is to pump out baby pigs like a sausage machine."
Pigs forced to be more "productive" At the same time that more and more pigs are being raised in factory farms, they are being pushed to produce more and larger litters. Since 1979, the number of breeding pigs has been reduced by 38 percent, yet pig "production" has remained about the same. The increased rate of production is attributed mainly to an increase in frequency of litters, but also to an increase in litter size. In order to sustain such large operations, animals must be severely confined, in conditions designed not for animal well-being, but for maximum productivity. Sows are confined in small metal crates that are just two feet wide, and this is where they spend most of their lives. The total control the crates impose on the sows' bodies also allows for greater control and manipulation of breeding cycles by producers.
Pigs have a four-month pregnancy, during which they are confined in narrow metal "gestation crates." Shortly before giving birth, they are moved to similarly restrictive "farrowing crates" where they give birth and nurse their young. When the piglets are taken away at about three weeks old, the sows are immediately re-impregnated and returned to gestation crates. Hog factories strive to keep their sows "100 percent active." As explained in Successful Farming: "Any sow that is not gestating, lactating or within seven days post-weaning is non-active."
When the sow is no longer deemed a productive breeder, she is sent to slaughter. The pigs' life of confinement often leaves them unable to walk onto the truck that will transport them to the slaughterhouse. Farm Sanctuary investigators have found sick and injured sows discarded in pig farm alleyways, left to suffer where they fell.
Prisoners in the pen It is not only breeding pigs that are confined. Their piglets, in a system that fattens them for meat, are crammed into small pens on hard, slatted floors, and this is where they spend their six months of life before slaughter. As with their mothers, the lack of movement ensures the calories from the pigs' feed will not be used up during exercise, but converted into weight gain. The intensive confinement and unsuitable flooring of pig farms often leads to crippling deformities of these intelligent animals. This didn't bother the editors of Farmer and Stockbreeder who stated, "The slatted floor of the hog factory farm seems to have more merit than disadvantage. The animal will usually be slaughtered before serious deformity sets in."
The sows barely have room to stand up and lie down, and many suffer from sores on their bodies from constantly rubbing against the crates. Denied straw bedding, the pigs are forced to stand on uncomfortable slatted or grated floors, which are not designed for animal comfort, but to allow urine and feces to fall through.
Numerous research studies have identified physical and psychological maladies experienced by sows in confinement. The unnatural flooring and lack of exercise cause obesity and crippling leg disorders, while the deprived environment results in neurotic coping behaviors such as bar biting, head waving and sham chewing (chewing nothing). Pigs suffer not only while being raised, but also during transport to slaughter. Here again, profitability takes priority over humanity. "Death losses during transport are too high-amounting to more than $8 million per year. But it doesn't take a lot of imagination to figure out why we load as many hogs on a truck as we do. It's cheaper," said a hog industry expert in Lancaster Farming.
Suffering extends beyond the farm The methods of industrialized farming are inarguably cruel, but the offenses of the hog farm industry do not stop with animal cruelty. Hog farms harm rural communities by polluting the environment, driving local farmers out of business and endangering human health. With so many animals confined in so little space, hog farms produce vast amounts of waste, stored in huge lagoons. In North Carolina alone, 19 million tons of feces and urine are produced a year. Unlike human sewage, which is treated and disinfected, hog waste is minimally treated, and then sprayed on land. Run-off from sprayed fields, and spills or leaks from lagoons, send waste into rivers, streams and groundwater supplies. The high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous present in hog waste cause excess algae growth, rob the water of oxygen and kill fish when present in sufficient quantities.
Pfiesteria, a toxic microorganism that kills fish and feeds off their flesh, is often found in waters polluted with excessive nitrogen and phosphorus. Pfiesteria outbreaks in recent years have caused mass fish kills and sickened people, causing vision problems, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, breathing problems and skin sores.
Hog farms pose additional threats to human health. The horrific conditions of a hog farm take their toll on the health of the animals ? as a result, they are constantly fed antibiotics to prevent disease. Because these are the same antibiotics used by humans for diseases that are often shared by pigs and people, the overuse of antibiotics encourages development of antibiotic-resistant diseases and bacteria. In Champaign, Illinois, bacteria resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline were found in groundwater downstream from two hog farms. For neighbors of hog farms, the overpowering foul odors make life unbearable, and studies have shown people who live near industrialized hog farms suffer from higher levels of tension, stress, anger and depression than the general populace.
The conditions inside the hog factories are nightmarish for workers as well as animals. The American Lung Association has found that nearly 70 percent of hog factory workers have one or more symptoms of respiratory illness, and 58 percent of them experience chronic bronchitis. And while the workers may wear protective masks, the pigs that spend their lives inside hog farms must breathe the toxic fumes twenty-four hours a day, with no such protection.
While they claim to create jobs, huge hog farms have in fact sounded the death knell for the small family farmer. In a recent study by Cornell and Clarkson Universities, sociologists found that rural agricultural communities without laws prohibiting corporations from owning or controlling farmsgenerally had higher rates of poverty and unemployment and lower cash returns to farming. The study concluded that rural areas "suffer when industrial agriculture crowds out less industrialized forms." The expansion of North Carolina's hog industry provides a clear example of industrial agriculture crowding out small family operations. In 1991, Smithfield Foods built the world's largest hog slaughterhouse and packing plant in North Carolina-capable of slaughtering 24,000 pigs a day. This paved the way for hundreds of factory hog farms to move into the state, which is the country's top pig producer. As a result, over the last 15 years North Carolina has lost over 50 percent of its smaller family hog farms.
With little governmental authority to regulate factory hog farms, they have nearly taken over eastern North Carolina. The resulting impacts on local communities and environmental health have not gone unnoticed however, and now when corporations announce plans to bring hog farms into other areas, they are often met with local opposition. In fact, some communities have organized to prevent hog farms from moving in. But more often, the massive financial resources and political influence of the hog companies overwhelm local opposition. This makes it all the more important for compassionate citizens to get involved to stop corporate hog farms. By refusing to eat the products of such farms, educating people about the true impacts of hog farms on their communities, and demanding that companies place animal well-being above profits, activists will succeed in improving the quality of life for millions of pigs and people. |